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Chapter 5: Advanced OOP Concepts

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  In this final chapter, we'll explore some advanced Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts and techniques in Python. 1. Composition: Composition is a design principle that allows you to build complex objects by combining simpler objects as components. It emphasizes the use of existing classes to create more complex and specialized classes. Composition promotes code reusability and flexibility 2. Interfaces: In Python, there are no explicit interfaces like in some other languages, but you can achieve interface-like behavior using abstract base classes (ABCs) from the abc module. Interfaces define a set of methods that must be implemented by classes that claim to adhere to the interface. In this example, Drawable is an interface (abstract base class) with a single abstract method, draw() . Both Circle and Square implement this method. 3. Design Patterns: Design patterns are established solutions to common software design problems. They help you create more maintainable and...
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Chapter 4: Encapsulation and Abstraction

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I n this chapter, we'll explore the concepts of encapsulation and abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) using Python. 1. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit called a class. It allows you to hide the internal details of a class and provide controlled access to the class's attributes and methods. In Python, encapsulation is achieved through naming conventions and access control mechanisms. There are three types of access control: Public: Attributes and methods with no name modification are considered public and can be accessed from anywhere. Protected: Attributes and methods with a single underscore prefix (e.g., _variable or _method() ) are considered protected. They should not be accessed from outside the class, but it's not enforced by Python. Private: Attributes and methods with a double underscore prefix (e.g., __variable or __method() ) are conside...
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Chapter 3: Inheritance and Polymorphism

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Inheritance and polymorphism are two powerful concepts in OOP. Let's explore them in detail: Inheritance : Inheritance allows you to create a new class (a derived or child class) based on an existing class (a base or parent class). The child class inherits attributes and methods from the parent class. This promotes code reuse and enables you to create a hierarchy of classes. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of different classes to be treated as instances of the same base class. It allows you to write code that can work with objects of different classes in a generic way. Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding. 1.Method Overriding: In the example above, both Circle and Square classes have overridden the area method inherited from the base class Shape . This allows each shape to calculate its own area. 2.The super() Function: super() is used to call a method from the parent class. It's often used in the child class constructor to initialize attribute...
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Chapter 2: Class and Object Basics

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In this chapter, we'll delve deeper into the fundamentals of classes and objects in Python. Attributes: Attributes are variables that store data associated with an object. They are defined inside the class and accessed using the dot notation. There are two types: class attributes (shared by all instances of a class) and instance attributes (specific to each instance). Methods : Methods are functions defined within a class and are used to perform actions or operations on the object's data. Constructors : The __init__ method is a special constructor method that gets called when you create a new object. It initializes the object's attributes. Instance Variables : Instance variables are specific to each instance of a class. They are accessed using self. Class Variables: Class variables are shared by all instances of a class and are defined at the class level. Class Methods and Static Methods: You can define methods that are specific to the class itself using the @classmetho...
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Chapter 1: Introduction to OOP in Python

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses objects to structure and organize code. In Python, everything is an object, and you can create your own custo m objects using classes. A class is a blueprint for creating objects. Here's a simple example:
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