Chapter 4: Encapsulation and Abstraction

 In this chapter, we'll explore the concepts of encapsulation and abstraction in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) using Python.

1. Encapsulation:

  • Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on that data into a single unit called a class.
  • It allows you to hide the internal details of a class and provide controlled access to the class's attributes and methods.
  • In Python, encapsulation is achieved through naming conventions and access control mechanisms. There are three types of access control:
    • Public: Attributes and methods with no name modification are considered public and can be accessed from anywhere.
    • Protected: Attributes and methods with a single underscore prefix (e.g., _variable or _method()) are considered protected. They should not be accessed from outside the class, but it's not enforced by Python.
    • Private: Attributes and methods with a double underscore prefix (e.g., __variable or __method()) are considered private, and their access is restricted to within the class.

2. Abstraction:

  • Abstraction is the process of simplifying complex systems by breaking them into smaller, manageable parts.
  • In OOP, abstraction involves creating abstract base classes that define a common interface but leave the implementation details to the subclasses.
  • Abstract classes cannot be instantiated; they are meant to be subclassed.


In this example, Shape is an abstract base class that defines a common interface for calculating the area of shapes. Concrete subclasses like Circle and Square provide their own implementations of the area method.

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