Chapter 5: Advanced OOP Concepts

 In this final chapter, we'll explore some advanced Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts and techniques in Python.

1. Composition:

  • Composition is a design principle that allows you to build complex objects by combining simpler objects as components.
  • It emphasizes the use of existing classes to create more complex and specialized classes.
  • Composition promotes code reusability and flexibility

2. Interfaces:

  • In Python, there are no explicit interfaces like in some other languages, but you can achieve interface-like behavior using abstract base classes (ABCs) from the abc module.
  • Interfaces define a set of methods that must be implemented by classes that claim to adhere to the interface.

In this example, Drawable is an interface (abstract base class) with a single abstract method, draw(). Both Circle and Square implement this method.

3. Design Patterns:

  • Design patterns are established solutions to common software design problems.
  • They help you create more maintainable and scalable code by providing well-defined structures and best practices.
  • Some common design patterns include Singleton, Factory, Observer, and Decorator.

Here's a basic example of the Singleton design pattern:


4. Inheritance vs. Composition:

  • Inheritance and composition are two ways to establish relationships between classes.
  • Inheritance creates an "is-a" relationship, while composition creates a "has-a" relationship.
  • Composition is often favored over inheritance because it leads to more flexible and maintainable code.

5. SOLID Principles:

  • The SOLID principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion) are guidelines for writing clean and maintainable code.
  • Following these principles helps you design robust and extensible software systems.

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